Nirala Supply Chain Management

List of chapters Introduction3 Vision3 Core Values3 Departments4 Products4 Target market4 Major Competitors in Pakistan5 Supply chain management5 Supply chain Process of Nirala5 Inbound Logistics7 Operations7 Out bound logistics8 Costs8 Price Strategy9 Promotions9 Efficiency Vs Responsiveness9 Chase strategy9 Time adaptability from workforce10 Consumer’s information base10 Corporate events10 Future plans11 Recommendations11 Introduction Over 50 years back, the establishment of Nirala was laid in Lahore, Pakistan, with the pledge to give individuals luscious quality delights.The incredible excursion began when Taj Din moved from Amritsar, India, to Lahore and began a little breakfast shop in the downtown of Lahore in 1948. Throughout the years, his family has grasped the immortal customary estimations of good taste and unrivaled quality, by bringing new mouth watering to the clients. Anmol Company holds the selective establishment rights in Pakistan for Nirala Sweets and food i tems. Anmol Company is liable for assembling, dispersing and selling Nirala Sweets, which is without a doubt the main brand in the Mithai showcase in Pakistan. OnJanuary 1999, Nirala opened its first outlet outside Lahore making a moment achievement. Presently Nirala is likewise makes dairy items notwithstanding desserts, namkeenz and running an eatery. Nirala today has37 Branches in Pakistan with Presence in 9 Cities Including, Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Sialkot and Gujranwala. Nirala has Presence in 4 Regions of the World including Sharjah, Dubai, Canada, USA and Europe. Vision The vision is to make Nirala a worldwide brand, a brand unmistakable for its uniqueness and quality in ethnic food advertise all around the world.In this point of view it see itself as an inventive and a pioneer organization, constantly offering extraordinary items and fascinating assistance ideas that others haven’t even longed for. Guiding principle The ba sic beliefs of the association which they consider the Spirit of Nirala have not changed over the past 50 years. Those qualities and conventions which have made the brand Nirala a market head for as far back as 60 years are: * Continuous Improvement * Innovation * Integrity * Team work and * Social Responsibility Departments * Administration * Finance and Accounts * Human Resource *  Marketing *  Milk Procurement  MIS *  Production *  Quality Assurance * Retail Store *  Shop Operations *  Store and Procurement *  Supply and Distribution * VAS (Value included administrations ) Products * Mithai * Snakes * Dairy * Beverages Target showcase The objective market of Nirala is the upper and corporate class. Significant Competitors in Pakistan Nirala don't consider any one an immediate contender however in a roundabout way it has numerous contenders . Some of them (territory wise)are given underneath. Lahore * Gourmet * Fazal desserts * Rafique desserts * Butt desse rts Islamabad-Rawal pindi * Jameel Sweets * Fresco Sweets Karachi * Qasr-e-shaheen Supply chain managementThe Nirala guarantees convenient and powerful appropriation of the items to chain of Nirala desserts stores spread all over Pakistan. From Transportation to getting course allows and endorsements, is finished by this division. Flexibly chain Process of Nirala Firstly the creation division of Nirala gets projections from the business office for instance what items ought to be delivered, how much amount should be created, what are the items that need more creation than the rest and so forth. Team lead is mindful to convey all these data and projections about the absolute amount should be produced.Production division at that point make the items appropriately which brings about two items semi completed items and completed or prepared to dispatch items by having an exceptional check from the creation administrator who guarantees the perfect measure of fixings, quality and plans that ought to be followed really taking shape of those items. Preparing offices are de unified and situated in Lahore, Karachi and one in Dubai. Creation administrator likewise guarantees that the creation ought to be done on the necessary time and by the necessary amount so as to give great items to the customers.Semi completed merchandise are moved to the stores of Nirala while the completed items legitimately go to the Pre-flexibly office . Stores are the focal spot for crude materials, completed just as semi completed items . Nirala is right now utilizing the office of cold stores just as shoot coolers for capacity purposes which help in expanding the life of the items. These stores are capable to check the accessibility of the crude materials got from the acquirement office which is the most significant division of Nirala desserts .This office make crude materials accessible to the stores for the creation of desserts just as bundling of the completed items. The completed items that were moved to the pre-flexibly division are then formed into various shapes, sizes and cuts. Pre-flexibly division is the main office at Nirala which comes up short on a chief, rather than the administrator they have a director for this office which manage all the exercises of the work and ensures that everything is finished by the guidelines or not.After wrapping and last bundling of those items by the pre-gracefully office, they are moved at long last to the Supply office with the assistance of transporters e. g. trucks and vans (Shahzor, Mazda, and Suzuki pickup) claimed by the organization which conveys the last items to various parts of Nirala. They use voucher framework for this procedure, vouchers are send with the items to outstation parts of Nirala situated in Lahore ,Islamabad and Peshawar so as to ensure that the perfect sum is moved to its assignment .Branches in the wake of accepting the items and ensuring that everything is gotten on the correct date and by the perfec t sum at that point dispatch the record of that getting to the gracefully office at 7. am before the opening of the branch which is 8. am . This entire procedure is done on consistent schedule. Branches check the dispatch items through ERP (Enterprise asset arranging). Venture asset arranging (ERP) frameworks incorporate inward and outer administration data over a whole association, grasping money, assembling, deals and administration, client relationship the executives, etc.ERP frameworks robotize this movement with a coordinated programming application . The motivation behind ERP is to encourage the progression of data between all business capacities inside the limits of the association and deal with the associations with outside sources. Be that as it may, if there is a crisscross between the items and the vouchers I-e got items is not exactly the necessary sum then every division particularly the gracefully office needs to reevaluate all the procedure so as to distinguish the fl aw. From these branches client can purchase anything he desires to purchase from the scope of items made by the company.Consumer is worried about the last item, he doesn't know about the entire procedure from where the item has been passed so it’s likewise critical to check the nature of the last item before the offer of the items too. Inbound Logistics Pure desi ghee, High quality dry natural product, Milk Operations * More than 20% mithai creation is completed at computerized plants. * Snacks are made on present day machines where as in the creation of mithai no such innovation is utilized. Nirala want to made mithai with the customary way.The just innovation utilized in the arrangement is the poles that are utilized to check the consistency of the sugar syrup. * Quality is guaranteed by the Quality Assurance Department which utilizes two different ways to test the nature of items being created. Right off the bat they utilize Sensory Evaluation to test quality. Tactile asse ssment includes considering specialists to test the mithai (desserts) by eating it and afterward telling whether it is upto guidelines or not. Also different lab tests are done to ensure that top notch crude materials are utilized in creation of items. * Nirala likewise presented Nirala Doodh in 2005.Since milk is an essential fixing with regards to desserts and mithai, accordingly it chose to open its own Ultra high temperature milk plant. In this way in 2006 with part of speculations and difficult work, Nirala had the option to build up its first UHT Milk Plant. The limit of the plant was that it could deliver up to 200, 000 liters/day. This was the greatest milk plant at any point built. UHT plant required huge ventures along these lines when the opportunity arrived to dispatch its item that was Nirala Doodh, they were left with almost no assets, thus their this item fizzled drastically.Nirala didn’t have enough assets to showcase the item subsequently confronted part of i mperatives most definitely. Besides, because of almost no publicizing customers had less brand mindfulness, it additionally brought about expanded misfortunes as financial plans for the branches were overlooked simultaneously. Out bound coordinations N-Design is a bundling Co. working under the umbrella of Nirala which is offering 80 distinct sorts of bundling. It incorporates customary paper and card sheets, tin, wood, glass and carefully assembled paper. Redo bundling is a claim to fame of Nirala desserts. CostsSince Nirala is a work concentrated organization and like to make the desserts in the customary manner so the significant expenses brought about by the organization are the work cost and cost of crude materials. Nirala once imported machines from Germany for this reason yet it bombed in making those items so less utilization of innovation helps the organization in sparing expense. Nirala spend a next to no cash on the support of outlets that is the explanation the state of outlets of the contenders is far superior than those of Nirala in light of the fact that the focal point of the organization is on the item as opposed to these things Price StrategyNirala Sweets is sl

History class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

History class - Essay Example Galileo contributed a great deal in the improvement of logical strategy. He advanced his speculations in an excited way, for example, the law that administers falling bodies. He would assess all the elements that may be useful like the impact of air opposition and afterward he would theorize what might occur. Galileo encircled a recipe for the examination of falling bodies which was s=gt2(s is the separation of the whole fall and t is the absolute time of the fall). Galileo contributed a ton in the field of hypothetical material science, arithmetic and physical science of test nature and he built up a legitimate relationship among these fields. Galileo likewise set up principles of time and length so as to think about various investigation acted in various labs. In this way, we can say that Galileo was probably the best researcher and a hopeful mathematician everything being equal. Albert Einstein named him as the dad of present day science. Arithmetic changed its methodology because of these researchers and mathematician and more up to date terms like analytics, parabola and logarithms can into reality in his

Los Angeles County Program Tries to Foster Economic Stability; Counteract Payday Loans - OppLoans

Los Angeles County Program Tries to Foster Economic Stability; Counteract Payday Loans - OppLoans Los Angeles County Program Tries to Foster Economic Stability; Counteract Payday Loans Los Angeles County Program Tries to Foster Economic Stability; Counteract Payday LoansBy Jessica EastoInside Subprime: December 1In California, Los Angeles County’s income gap is vast. It’s the seventh largest gap out of the country’s 150 largest metro areas. About 10 million people live in the county â€" the biggest county in the United States â€" and 56 of them are billionaires with a combined net worth of $200 billion.Meanwhile, 17 percent of residents live below the federal poverty line compared to $14.5 percent nationwide. Over the past few decades, wages at the top have steadily increased while wages at the bottom have steadily decreased.A few years ago, the Los Angeles County Department of Consumer and Business Affairs started the Center for Financial Empowerment (CFE) to address income inequality in the county. A recent report reviewed the work of the CFE and shared how the organization has been working to foster economic stability and counteract financial threats, such as payday loans.According to the report, residents in “relatively low-income neighborhoods,” such as East LA and Wilmington, lack access to traditional financial institutions such as banks and credit unions. Residents without financial access are called “unbanked” or “underbanked.” Without traditional lending options, may residents turn to high-risk loans, such as payday loans and title loans, when money is tight. These products come with interest rates upwards of 400 percent and fees, which can land residents in debt traps. The industry makes an estimated $8 billion from consumer fees each year.This year, the governor of California signed a bill that caps interest rates for loans between $2,500 and $10,000 at 36 percent. But payday loans are often much smaller than that, and the 742 licensed payday loan and title loan lenders in Los Angeles County can still legally charge exorbitant interest rates.East LA and Wilmington both have a disproportionate number of those 742 licensed payday and title loan lenders, supporting research that suggests these predatory lenders target economically vulnerable populations.The CFE counteracts the ill effects of predatory lending by offering access to financial tools to residents in vulnerable neighborhoods. According to the report, this includes “credit counseling, financial coaching, bankruptcy and legal aid services, and tax preparation assistance programs.” The CFE also started the Bank On Los Angeles County program, which provides unbanked and underbanked residents options for “safe and affordable” bank or credit union accounts. As of the report’s writing, the program has helped residents open more than 42,000 accounts, 31,000 of which are “first time bank or credit union users.”For more information on scams, predatory lenders and payday loans, see our city and state financial guides  including states and cities like California, Texas, Illinois and more.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twi tter | LinkedIn

Asyndeton Definition and Examples

Asyndeton is a  rhetorical term for a writing style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. Adjective: asyndetic. The opposite of asyndeton is  polysyndeton. According to Edward Corbett and Robert Connors, The principal effect of asyndeton is to produce a hurried rhythm in the sentence (Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 1999). In his study of Shakespeares style, Russ McDonald argues that the figure of asyndeton works by means of juxtaposition rather than coupling, thereby depriving the auditor of clear logical relations (Shakespeares Late Style, 2010). Examples and Observations He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac.(Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 1957)Joona walks through the Christmas market in Bollnà ¤s Square. Fires are burning, horses are snorting, chestnuts are roasting. Children race through a stone maze, others drink hot chocolate.(Lars Kepler, The Hypnotist. Trans. by Ann Long. Picador, 2011)Speed up the film, Montag, quick. Click, Pic, Look, Eye, Now, Flick, Here, There, Swift, Pace, Up, Down, In, Out, Why, How, Who, What, Where, Eh? Uh! Bang! Smack! Wallop, Bing, Bong, Boom!(Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451, 1953)She was young, she was pure, she was new, she was nice,She was fair, she was sweet seventeen.He was old, he was vile, and no stranger to vice,He was base, he was bad, he was mean.He had slyly inveigled her up to his flatTo view his collection of stamps.(Flanders and Swann, Have Some Madeira, MDear)Why, theyve got ten volumes on suicide alone. Suicide by race, by color, by occupation, by sex, by seasons of the year, by tim e of day. Suicide, how committed: by poisons, by firearms, by drowning, by leaps. Suicide by poison, subdivided by types of poison, such as corrosive, irritant, systemic, gaseous, narcotic, alkaloid, protein, and so forth. Suicide by leaps, subdivided by leaps from high places, under the wheels of trains, under the wheels of trucks, under the feet of horses, from steamboats. But Mr. Norton, of all the cases on record, theres not one single case of suicide by leap from the rear end of a moving train.(Edward G. Robinson as insurance agent Barton Keyes in Double Indemnity, 1944)It is a northern country; they have cold weather, they have cold hearts.Cold; tempest; wild beasts in the forest. It is a hard life. Their houses are built of logs, dark and smoky within. There will be a crude icon of the virgin behind a guttering candle, the leg of a pig hung up to cure, a string of drying mushrooms. A bed, a stool, a table. Harsh, brief, poor lives.(Angela Carter, The Werewolf. The Bloody Cham ber and Other Stories, 1979)I have found the warm caves in the woods,filled them with skillets, carvings, shelves,closets, silks, innumerable goods(Anne Sexton, Her Kind)In some ways, he was this town at its best--strong, hard-driving, working feverishly, pushing, building, driven by ambitions so big they seemed Texas-boastful.(Mike Royko, A Tribute)Anyway, like I was saying, shrimp is the fruit of the sea. You can barbecue it, boil it, broil it, bake it, saute it. Deys uh, shrimp-kabobs, shrimp creole, shrimp gumbo. Pan fried, deep fried, stir-fried. Theres pineapple shrimp, lemon shrimp, coconut shrimp, pepper shrimp, shrimp soup, shrimp stew, shrimp salad, shrimp and potatoes, shrimp burger, shrimp sandwich. That--thats about it.(Bubba in Forrest Gump, 1994)Fog everywhere. Fog up the river, where it flows among green aits and meadows; fog down the river, where it rolls deified among the tiers of shipping and the waterside pollutions of a great (and dirty) city. Fog on the Essex m arshes, fog on the Kentish heights. Fog creeping into the cabooses of collier-brigs; fog lying out on the yards and hovering in the rigging of great ships; fog drooping on the gunwales of barges and small boats. Fog in the eyes and throats of ancient Greenwich pensioners, wheezing by the firesides of their wards; fog in the stem and bowl of the afternoon pipe of the wrathful skipper, down in his close cabin; fog cruelly pinching the toes and fingers of his shivering little prentice boy on deck. Chance people on the bridges peeping over the parapets into a nether sky of fog, with fog all round them, as if they were up in a balloon and hanging in the misty clouds.(Charles Dickens, Bleak House, 1852-1853) Functions of Asyndeton When [asyndeton] is used in a series of words, phrases, or clauses, it suggests the series is somehow incomplete, that there is more the writer could have included (Rice 217). To put it somewhat differently: in a conventional series, writers place an and before the final item. That and signals the end of the series: Here it is folks--the last item. Omit that conjunction and you create the impression that the series could continue. . . Asyndeton can also create ironic juxtapositions that invite readers into collaborative relationships with writers: because there are no explicit connections between phrases and clauses, readers must supply them to reconstruct the writers intent. . . Asyndeton can also quicken the pace of prose, especially when it is used between clauses and sentences.(Chris Holcomb and M. Jimmie Killingsworth, Performing Prose: The Study and Practice of Style in Composition. SIU Press, 2010) EtymologyFrom the Greek, unconnected Pronunciation: ah-SIN-di-ton

Explanation and Examples of Wo and Da in German

One of the things that can make translating other languages difficult for many is that the rules of grammar change with each language. Knowing the correct word order can be difficult if you dont understand the rules o the language youre learning. In English, adverbs usually come after prepositions but in German, it is the opposite. The adverbs wo and da coupled with prepositions become helpful tools in day-to-day German conversation. By themselves, wo means where and da means there, but by adding prepositions, it changes their whole meaning. Its important that people learning German understand how prepositions can alter these common words if they want to be understood. Wo Preposition Wo preposition is useful when asking questions for clarification such as in Worauf wartet er? (What is he waiting for?) Notice that the translation for worauf is for what—not a literal translation. Thats because many of the wo prepositions replace the colloquial, but incorrect German word combination preposition was. (incorrect - Fà ¼r was ist das?, correct - Wofà ¼r ist das?) Since the incorrect German version of preposition was most closely resembles the English translation, English speakers find it difficult to overcome this natural tendency of question formation. Thats why it is important that English-speaking students of German learn early on to incorporate the use of ​wo-words in their conversation. Da Preposition Similarly, the da preposition combinations cannot always be translated literally. It all depends on context. Sometimes da will keep its there meaning if it refers to a location. At other times the word means something closer to the English that. Understanding this difference is important for students of German who want to make sure their speech is grammatically correct even if their meaning is still understood. For example: Was kommt daraus? (What is coming out from there?) Was konntest du daraus feststellen? (What were you able to determine from that?) Da- words are very useful so as to not sound redundant. For example, if someone were to ask you Bist du mit diesem Zeitplan einverstanden? The shorter response would be Ich bin damit einverstanden, instead of reiterating the noun. Examples of Wo and Da Use Below you will find a list of some common wo- and da- compounds. Take note that if the preposition starts with a vowel then it will be preceded by an –r- when combining it with either wo or da. ( unter - darunter) bei by - wobei – dabeidurch through - wodurch – dadurchfà ¼r for - wofà ¼r – dafà ¼rgegen against - wogegen - dagegenher (prefix) coming from - woher – daherhin (prefix) going to - wohin – dahinmit with - womit – damitnach after - wonach – danachan on, at, to - woran – daranauf on - worauf – daraufaus out of, from - woraus – darausin in - worin – darinà ¼ber over, above - worà ¼ber – darà ¼berunter under, underneath - worunter – daruntervon from - wovon – davonvor before, in front of - wovor – davorzu to, at - wozu – dazu

Results of Drug Testing on Rats - 3306 Words

Materials and Methods 2.1 Animal studies 2.1.1 Materials Ketamine, xylazine, carprofen, vetadine, lacrilube, terramycin, sodium lactate, penicillin G sodium, heparin sodium, pentobarbital and supramid wire were obtained from Provet (Auckland, NZ). Ethanol was obtained from PureScience (Wellington, NZ). Cocaine-HCl (BDG Synthesis, Wellington, NZ) was dissolved in physiological saline (0.9%) containing heparin sodium (3 U/mL) and made up to a solution of 1.65 g/L (rats were considered to average 330 g). Each intravenous infusion was 0.1 mL and delivered over a period of 12 s (0.5 mg/kg/infusion). For intraperitoneal injections, cocaine-HCl was dissolved in physiological saline to a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Surgery equipment: silastic and tygon tubing were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Auckland, NZ), silicon, cotton buds and Bostik superglue were obtained from the Warehouse (Wellington, NZ), while gauze swabs were purchased from Global Science (Auckland, NZ). Large screws (CS00395) were obtained from Coastal Fasteners (Wellington, NZ) and small screws (MCPF40210) from Eyeline Optical (Wellington, NZ). The Ostron powder and liquid were obtained from Henry Schein Shalfoon (Auckland, NZ). Syringes and needles were acquired from Becton Dickinson (Auckland, NZ) while the minisart filters (0.2  µm) were from MicroNZ. 2.1.2 Subjects Male B6-SJL mice were obtained from the Malaghan Institute of Medical Research (Wellington, NZ) for tail withdrawal assays while male Sprague-DawleyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Animal Testing1383 Words   |  6 PagesBehavior Animal testing is not a problem in today’s society because it is beneficial to humans. It seems unethical to put animals through such pain and torture, but if we stopped it completely there would be a large amount of human lives lost. How could this be? The further advancements in medical and technological science is inevitable. 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Family Law for Comparative Family Studies- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theFamily Law for Comparative Family Studies. Answer: Issue The issue in this case is to find out whether X can claim divorce from Y or not in accordance to the Women Charter 2009. Rule According to section 95 (1) of the Women Charter 2009 any of the parties involved in a marriage has the right to file a writ in relation to a divorce where the relationship of marriage between them has irretrievably broken down. According to section 95(2) of the WC, the court which hears the proceedings shall as far as it is reasonable to do so can, investigate into the situations which have been alleged as leading or causing the irretrievably breakdown of the marriage relationship. Where the court is satisfied upon investigation that it would be just and reasonable to dissolve the marriage based on such situation the court may pass an order of dissolution. The court in accordance to Subsection 3 would not hold that the marriage has broken down irretrievably and subsequently not provide a divorce unless a few specific situations laid down in the subsection have taken place. The defendant behaved in such a way that it cannot be reasonably expected from the plaintiff to stay with the defendant any further. In the case of Teo Hoon Ping v Tan Lay Ying Angeline [2009] SGHC 244 divorce had been granted by the court on the basis of the provisions of section 95 that the marriage has broken down in irretrievably because the appellant had acted in such a way that his wife could not be reasonably expected to live with him any further. The appeal has been dismissed by the court. In this case the wife had made a complaint that the husband was not being loving and caring in the relationship and was also not treating the wife with respect. The wife had also made complaints in relation to violent outburst and unstable behavior of the husband (Quah, 2015). The defendant had deserted the plaintiff for a minimum period of two years immediately before the writ has been filed. The parties involved in the marriage had been apart for a period of three years continuously immediately before the writ has been filed and the defendant has consented to the grant of such judgment. The parties involved in the marriage had been apart for a period of four years continuously immediately before the writ has been filed. In the case of Ho Kiang Fah v Toh Buan Eileen [2009] SGHC 19 an appeal had been made against the decisions of the district court. The district court in the case had granted a divorce petition in favor of the respondent as the appellant had been living in separation from the respondent for more than a period of four years. The court of appeal rejected the appeal in favor of the respondent and held that she had sufficient grounds to claim divorce under section 95(3)(c) (Witte Hauk, 2017). According to subsection 4 the court may consider any circumstances which include the conduct of the parties as well as the interest of the children to the marriage if any in order to determine whether it would be reasonable and just to give a judgment. However if the court finds out that it would be unreasonable to dissolve the marriage under all circumstances the court would dismiss the application of the divorce. According to subsection 7 while taking into account the effects of subsection 3 whether the time which the parties to the marriage have lived apart no consideration shall be made in relation to any one period which is not more than six months or any two periods which is not more than six months in total in which the parties started to live with each other. However consideration would be made for any period in which the parties lived with each other. Application In the given situation it has been provided that X and Y have been married for a period of 7 years. Y as she want does not want to live with X until and unless X parts with his snake. As a result Y leaves the matrimonial house. X and Y lived separately for several months where X was only getting knowledge about Ys position from the mental hospital where Y had been a patient. However upon the discharge of Y she refused to go home with X due to the fact that the snake was still present with him. The couple has not been living together for a period of six and a half year. Here X has the right to make a claim in relation to the provisions of 95(c) (2) upon behavioral grounds. Here Y suffers from mental illness. Where the snake is not causing any harm it is reasonable for Y to cohabit with X. however a cross petition can be filed by Y in this case as she might claim keeping the snake is a behavioral misconduct. Y is causing significant hardship by X by not staying with him and not keeping any contact with him and thus a claim for divorce may be allowed as it was in the Ho Kiang Fah case. In addition X also has the right to claim for a divorce under section 95(3) (d) and 95 (3) (e) as Y has not been living with her since six and a half years. The separation of X and Y is physical. There is a element of mental separation as well as the parties are in no contact with each other apart for X providing financially for Ys care. Under section 95(4) it may be possible that the court would not grant the divorce taking into account the conduct of the parties and the effect of the dissolution of Y as she is not mentally stable. However the chances that X would be provided with a divorce are high as he has not given any consent for the separation. The court may also restrain to provide a divorce by considering the financial hardship for Y. however of the court is sure that the divorce is required it may allow it by proving some financial compensation to Y. Conclusion X is likely to be provided with a divorce under the provisions of the Women Charter 2009. Issue The issue in this case is to determine whether H can claim a divorce under the Women Charter 2009 Rules The court in accordance to Subsection 3 would not hold that the marriage has broken down irretrievably and subsequently not provide a divorce unless a few specific situations laid down in the subsection have taken place. The defendant behaved in such a way that it cannot be reasonably expected from the plaintiff to stay with the defendant any further. In the case of Teo Hoon Ping v Tan Lay Ying Angeline [2009] SGHC 244 divorce had been granted by the court on the basis of the provisions of section 95 that the marriage has broken down in irretrievably because the appellant had acted in such a way that his wife could not be reasonably expected to live with him any further. The appeal has been dismissed by the court. In this case the wife had made a complaint that the husband was not being loving and caring in the relationship and was also not treating the wife with respect. The wife had also made complaints in relation to violent outburst and unstable behavior of the husband. The parties involved in the marriage had been apart for a period of three years continuously immediately before the writ has been filed and the defendant has consented to the grant of such judgment. The parties involved in the marriage had been apart for a period of four years continuously immediately before the writ has been filed. In the case of Ho Kiang Fah v Toh Buan Eileen [2009] SGHC 19 an appeal had been made against the decisions of the district court. The district court in the case had granted a divorce petition in favor of the respondent as the appellant had been living in separation from the respondent for more than a period of four years. The court of appeal rejected the appeal in favor of the respondent and held that she had sufficient grounds to claim divorce under section 95(3)(c) (Das, 2015). In JBB v JBA [2015] SGHCF 6 also the court ruled against the husband where the wife had made a complaint against him that she can reasonably stay with him any longer because of his behavior. In this case upon the implementation of the objective test it had been determined by the court that it was really unreasonable for the wife to stay with the husband on behavioral grounds and therefore the court provided the judgment in favor of the wife and dismissed the appeal with cost (Statsky, 2014). According to subsection 4 the court may consider any circumstances which include the conduct of the parties as well as the interest of the children to the marriage if any in order to determine whether it would be reasonable and just to give a judgment. However if the court finds out that it would be unreasonable to dissolve the marriage under all circumstances the court would dismiss the application of the divorce. Application In the given situation it has been provided that H and W have been married for a period of 30 years. Differences are growing between parties to the marriage and it is getting difficult for them to live together. This is because the wife W has been lately taking interest in womens rights and radical politics. H the husband is being embarrassed because he is receiving several taunts form his friends about his wife going out of control. W has also provided H that she is not going to do the household work by claiming she is not a slave. W is also not participating with H socially and making fun of his social engagements. W had also made H wait on the doorstep for more than two hours intentionally until she provided him keys to the house. Therefore H wants a divorce for from Y. In the given situation H has the right to make a claim of divorce against W based on the provisions of section 95 where the marriage irretrievably broken down. This claim can specifically be made under section 95(3 ) (b) in relation to behavioral grounds. According to the objective test of reasonable co-habilitation as provided in the JBA case if a reasonable person is put in the position of H it would not be possible him to reasonably continue living with Y because of her behavior. This is because W is not respecting any values which H has and reasonably making his life difficult. Additionally W is intentionally causing difficulties to H in relation to their living together. The only reason why W does not want a divorce in the given situation is that Ws mother C has provided that any of her children who take a divorce would be removed from any right of inheritance. W gas no other affection or reason to continue to live with Y However in the given situation it would be difficult for H to take support of the provisions which have been provided in Section 95 (3)(d) and 95 (3)(e) related to three and four years of desertion respectively as there is little evidence to establish actual desertion due to the withdrawal not being complete. Possibly the court may have also not provided divorce under the provisions of section 95(4) of the WC as it may be considered that W may be subjected to hardship following the divorce. However in the given situation it is really not possible for H to continue living with W because of her behavior. She is not financially unstable and also they do not have any children who may be affected due to the divorce. Conclusion Therefore in the given situation H has the right to seek divorcer from W on behavioral ground. References Das, M. (2015). Singapore's Women's Charter: Revolution or Evolution?. InOur Lives to Live: Putting a Woman's Face to Change in Singapore(pp. 159-166). Ho Kiang Fah v Toh Buan Eileen [2009] SGHC 19 JBB v JBA [2015] SGHCF 6 Ong, D. S. (2015). Divorce, the family court and family lawyering.Routledge Handbook of Families in Asia, 411. Quah, S. E. L. (2015). Negotiating Family and Divorce in Singapore. In Perspectives on Marital Dissolution (pp. 35-50). Springer Singapore. Statsky, W. (2014).Family law: The essentials. Nelson Education. Sun, S.H.L., Ee Chong, W. and Lim, S.H., 2014. Gender and divorce in contemporary Singapore.Journal of Comparative Family Studies, pp.127-143. Teo Hoon Ping v Tan Lay Ying Angeline [2009] SGHC 244 Witte Jr, J., Hauk, G. S. (Eds.). (2017).Christianity and Family Law: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. Women Charter 2009

Birth Control Is Defined As Various Ways Used To Prevent Pregnancy Fro

Birth Control is defined as various ways used to prevent pregnancy from occurring. Birth Control has been a concern for humans for thousands of years. The first contraception devices were mechanical barriers in the vagina that prevented the male sperm from fertilizing the female egg. Other methods of birth control that were used in the vagina were sea sponges, mixtures of crocodile dung and honey, quinine, rock salt and alum. We have come a long way from past time times of contraceptives, although some of the same concepts are still used. The least effective form of birth control used today is The Natural Method. This method is also the cheapest because the woman monitors her menstrual cycle. The average cycle is 28 days, ovulation occurs 14 days prior to the woman's period. She then must avoid sex or use a method of contraception on her fertile days. The effectiveness of this method is around 72%. This methods is also one of the hardest method because the woman must maintain a good record of her menstrual cycle. Another form of birth control are spermicidal jelly, cream or foam. Spermicide can be used without medical supervision, and must be used with each act of intercourse. These have no side affects but must be used exactly according to instructions. Spermicides can be up to 94% effective if used correctly. Contraceptive pills or oral contraception are a common form of contraception for women. They contain two hormones, oestrogen and progestogen, which prevent an egg from being released by a woman's ovary each month. There are several different types of pill so if one does not suit you then another one might. It can reduce pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and period pain. There is evidence that the pill offers some protection against cancer of the uterus and ovaries. You don't need to worry about any devices or spermicides and it does not interfere with spontaneity of sex. A full medical history is essential, as this pill is not suitable for women who have certain conditions such as high blood pressure, circulatory disease, and diabetes. Those women over 35 years who smoke or are overweight may be advised to use another method of contraception. The combined pill is not reliable if taken over 12 hours late, or after vomiting and diarrhea. It may have some side effects such as nausea, headach es and weight gain. Some drugs, such as antibiotics may affect its reliability. Contraceptive pills do not protect against sexually transmitted infections and HIV. If taken correctly the pill is 99% effective. The diaphragm or cap is a circular dome made of rubber, which is fitted by the woman over her cervix before sex. It acts as a barrier to stop sperm getting through to the uterus. It should be used with a spermicide cream or jelly, which contain a chemical that destroys sperm. These must be worn for a few hours after sex before it can be removed. The effectiveness of this is 87%. Male condoms are made of very thin latex or plastic and work by being placed over a man's erect penis. They act as a physical barrier and trap sperm at the point of ejaculation. Condoms are readily available from chemists and free from family planning clinics. Women can carry them as well as men. They help to protect against cancer of the cervix and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.The male condom has to be put on the penis as soon as it becomes erect and before any contact takes place with the vagina. They also have to be used with care as they can slip off or split. Men need to withdraw as soon as they have ejaculated and be careful not to spill any semen. Condoms should never be used with oil based products such as Vaseline and suntan oil, as these will damage the rubber. They are 94% - 98% effective depending on how correctly they are used. Female condoms are made of thin polyurethane plastic and work by being placed in the vagina also covering the area outside, to stop sperm from entering the vagina. A female condom can be put in any time before sex and has many of the advantages

Touching Spirit Bear Character Essay Essays

Touching Spirit Bear Character Essay Essays Touching Spirit Bear Character Essay Paper Touching Spirit Bear Character Essay Paper Cole is a fifteen-year-old boy who gets into trouble a lot. His father abuses him, which causes a lot of anger. His mother is an alcoholic and did not care about Cole as much as she should. Throughout the novel, Touching Spirit Bear by Ben Mikaelsen, Cole learns more about his conflicts, while healing them at the same time. Cole has many internal conflicts including fear, anger, and loneliness throughout the novel. The first internal conflict is anger. Cole’s father abused him, which created stress and anger inside of him. This anger causes Cole to commit crimes. Cole robbed and trashed a hardware store. Peter, a boy at Cole’s school, found out that Cole did this act of violence. So, Peter told on Cole. Cole found out, in which he got very angry and mad. Instead of confronting Peter, Cole decided to smash Peter’s head against the sidewalk, very hardly. Once Cole was sent to the island of Drake in Alaska, Cole felt depressed and angry at the same time. Cole eventually burnt down his cabin. One last example of anger is dealing with the Spirit Bear. The Spirit Bear was calmly looking at Cole. Cole realized that this bear was not afraid of him. So, Cole let out his anger and tried to kill the bear. Instead of Cole hurting the bear, the bear mauled Cole. Cole was on the ground, almost dying for about three days. Even though Cole seems like a person who is not afraid of anything, there is actually some fear built somewhere in his body. Another internal conflict is fear. Cole was a little frightened by the Spirit Bear. So, he needed control and power and teased the bear. Instead of everything working out his way, the bear attacked Cole, leaving plenty of brutal scars and pain in almost every inch of his body. After the bear mauled Cole, he felt, and looked like he was dying. Cole realized he was afraid to die. So, Cole did everything he could do to stay alive. For instance, he ate grass, killed a mouse for food, and ate almost every moving bug he could see. Lastly, Cole had a dream while he was in the hospital. Cole’s dream was everyone was taking care of him. Including Garvey and Edwin. Suddenly, all of the people helping him turned into monsters and were laughing at him. Cole felt like there was a lack of others caring about him. Not only did Cole have fear and anger, but he also felt lonely. Garvey and Edwin taught Cole how to dance ‘animal dances’. These animal dances are supposed to educate people what animals can teach them. In once case, Cole danced the Whale Dance. After the Whale Dance, Cole learned that whales travel around, but have no home, just like him. During Christmas-time on the island, Cole felt like nobody cared about him. So, he cut down a tree and celebrated Christmas all alone. Cole always needed to have the attention. Since Cole felt lonely and depressed, he committed crimes to have the attention back on him again. These many internal conflicts, including fear, anger, and loneliness, happen throughout most of Cole’s life. Cole may seem like every other juvenile delinquent, but throughout this book, he overcomes these conflicts. Peter actually goes on the island with Cole. After a while, they become friends. The second time Cole goes back on the island, he takes extra precautions and does not burn down the cabin. In fact, Cole had to build a whole new one. Whenever he saw the Spirit Bear, he let go of his anger to the Spirit Bear. His anger, fear, and loneliness are still a problem to Cole, but he is now able to fight his difficulties.

What challenges does cultural diversity present for social psychology Essay

What challenges does cultural diversity present for social psychology - Essay Example nguage also plays a part in this discussion because it is an intricate part of what makes up a culture and the language can help or hinder an individual or group as they attempt to acclimate themselves in different circumstances. Some of the work that has been done in this area is through the use of cultural models and cultural theories. One of the theories is the social schema theory. According to Wikipedia, the social schema theory helps the individual when they are in familiar situations. This brings all of the information to the individual that is relative to their current experience. "Schemas unique to individuals are created from personal experiences, whereas those shared by individuals are created from various types of common experiences" (Garro, 2000 cited in "Cultural Schema Theory" ). Garro also says that this theory helps to understand why some people have more knowledge than others. The more conversations individuals have with each other, the more information they obtain about the culture (Garro cited in Rodriguez, 2005, p. 7). Britt and Heise (1997) write about this theory in relationship to pride in culture. They support that pride and shame are related because they both can be results of how the individual perceives them. Through this they develop their understanding of their culture and their emotions help them to understand how to act inside the culture. The last part of this theory says that there are three states that people have when getting information: The situation works with an example. When people go into any type of situation whether it is cultural or business, they understand going in that they have a role to play and others have a similar role. If someone within the group acts out, they will be interrupting the reference state and that behavior will be deflected to bring the situation back to the reference state. Deflection of the situation is always relative to how much disruption is occurring. These are just a few of the theories

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic management - Essay Example Apart from these airlines, British Airways also supports varied other airlines as well such as Cambian Airways and Northeast Airways. Along with scheduled services, British Airways is also affianced in the functions of both international and domestic carrier of freight, ancillary services and mails. It is the largest airline of the UK, which includes a fleet size of 234. British Airways is also a constituent of the ‘FTSE 100 Index’ (British Airways, n.d.). British Airways is the ‘flag carrier’ airline of the United Kingdom and so it is also referred as a national carrier. It is a premium airline of the UK which flies to more than 300 destinations all over the globe comprising total number of customer base of 32 million in the year 2009-2010. Hence, it earned total revenue of ?8 billion in the year 2009-2010, which reveals that it is quite successful as compared to other apparent airways of the UK. Therefore, it is the market leader in this sector in the UK ( British Airways. 2010). Apart from this, via its varied types of functions and alliance partners such as Qantas of Australia, TAT European Airways of France and US Airways of the United states, British Airways encompasses to serve its customers outstanding services at every point. Thus, the underlining fact is to satisfy the customers and to enhance their loyalty and dependency over British Airways, which is extremely essential to retain its position in the market of the UK as well as the world in long run. Moreover, it also attempts to augment its operational performance and the quality of practices in order to fulfil customer needs and desires (British Airways, n. d.). This report mainly highlights the varied aspects and importance of British Airways in a brief way. Moreover, a detailed analysis explaining the success story of British Airways is also described with the help of various strategic tools such as PESTLE analysis, Porter’s five forces model and value chain analys is. Moreover, the business strategy of British Airways is also evaluated in an explicit way with the help of Porter’s generic strategies. Certain recommendations are also provided to the managers for further growth and development. Analysis of British Airways British Airways is a reputed airline of the UK and is operated under the parent organisation named International Airline Group (IAG). It is functioning with a common objective of offering an excellent experience of flying to the customers by serving eminent services. This facilitates British Airways to enhance its brand image and identity among other airline players in the market of the UK (British Airways. 2010). In the subsequent segment, the organisation i.e. British Airways is critically analysed in order to evaluate the underlining factors of its success. This can be possible by evaluating both the external and internal factors of British Airways with the help of PESTLE analysis. PESTLE Analysis PESTLE analysis is a vital marketing tool, which is utilised to judge the market conditions. It also helps to detect how various factors such as political, economic, technological, social and environmental factors prove

Fredrick W Taylor Essay Example for Free

Fredrick W Taylor Essay Frederick W Taylor was one who led a life of earnest development in the production and manufacturing sectors. His life was one the spurned on time study and one that advanced America and the world in scientific management. Taylor was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1856. He lived an eventful and noble life for 59 years and one day dying on March 21, 1915. Throughout his lifetime he was a great inventor with over 40 patents and a brilliant engineer (Britannica). In his early years Taylor was always learning and creating. At age 12, Taylor created a harness that would keep him on his back to try and prevent nightmares (www.stfrancis.edu). In 1872 he went to the Philips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. Here he led his class scholastically. After his completion of studies at Philips Taylor started working as a machine shop laborer in a steel plant named Midvale Steel Company. Quickly Taylor started to grow in position; he became a successful shop clerk, machinist, gang boss, foreman, maintenance foreman, head of drawing office, and finally chief engineer. It is evident to see that Taylor was a man of wisdom and drive, who never settled for anything less than the best. In 1881, at age 25 he introduced time study at the Midvale Plant. The project was a great success and as a result the profession of time study was started. While working at Midvale, Taylor studied at night to get a degree in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology. As can be seen even from an early age Taylor had successes in new areas of study which spurned on his later life accomplishments. Throughout Taylor’s mid and late life he continued to advance and spread his knowledge of time study. He retired at age 45, after that he, his wife and their three adopted children lived in Philadelphia from 1904 to 1914. He continued to devote money and time to promote the principals of scientific management through lectures at universities and professional societies (Britannica). In 1906 Taylor was elected the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and that same year was he was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree by the University of Pennsylvania (Britannica). Taylor was a man of expert wisdom and foresight and it is seen throughout his life as we just discussed but these characteristics primary shine when you look at his theory and successes of time study. He realized that production could be increased by standardizing this system of work (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylor’s time study theory was that he would break each job down into specific tasks and timed how long it took a worker to complete each task (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Then he specified exactly how each task was to be performed and what tools to use, then the workers were trained to complete the task in a certain way (smallbusiness.chrono.com). He did this because he believed that there was one and only one method of work that maximized efficiency as he said, â€Å"And this one best method and best implementation can only be discovered of developed through scientific study and analysis.† (Vincenzo Sandrone). He proved this theory at the Bethlehem Steel Works where they had 500 men shoveling coal. He performed his time and motion studies and found out that using a different shovel for different size coal that it increased the amount you could shovel. So as a result of these two studies men could shovel more coal for a longer period of time. Thus he effectively reduced the number of men shoveling coal to 140 (smallbusiness.chrono.com). This is the reality of his theory and the results speak for themselves. Also, Taylor worked alongside Henry Ford to create the first assembly line (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylor also used his expertise and applied it to moving pig iron. He increased the amount moved from 12.5 tons per a day to 47.5 tons of pig iron a day. This leads to another point of Taylor’s theory and it was that he believed that you had to choose the right people for the task. Relating the example just mentioned, Taylor said that not all workers were fully capable of moving 47.5 tons of pig iron per a day, perhaps only 1/8 of the pig iron handlers were capable of doing that. This is because their physical capabilities were well-suited for moving pig iron. This is Taylor’s point, that workers should be picked according to how well they suit a particular job. Taylor also had a motivational theory, called the economic man (Business Studies). This was that workers were motivated or encouraged by money alone and the only factor that could stimulate further output or work was the chance of earning extra money (Business Studies). Taylor always said that workers should be paid a ‘fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work’ and that the pay should be directly linked with output (Business Studies). This leads to a further point of Taylor’s, and it is called ‘piece rate’. To encourage this, workers were pay by each unit that they produced, and the first unit were paid at a low rate and the more the worker produced that higher the pay they received. He also believed that incentive wages were of no use unless they were coupled with efficient tasks that were carefully planned and easily learned (www.stfrancis.edu). Thus is Taylor’s main motivational suggestion; to link pay with output. Taylor also standardized the role of management. This included setting managers apart from operations and giving them more authority to set the tasks workers do (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylors’ attitudes toward workers were laden with negative bias â€Å"in the majority of cases this man deliberately plans to do as little as he safely can.† The methods that Taylor adopted were directed solely towards the uneducated (Vincenzo Sandrone). Taylor believed that the secret of productivity was finding the right challenge for each person, then paying him well for increased output (www.stfrancis.edu). He believed that incentive wages were no solution unless they were combined with efficient tasks that were carefully planned and easily learned (www.stfrancis.edu). Throughout this passage it is evident to see what a work Taylor accomplished. He is the father of scientific management and the one who spurned off time study. Taylor spent his whole life increasing efficiency in the workplace, working with making people and companies, most notable, Henry Ford. He and many others of his time like Henry Ford did work that put the United States on the leading edge during the Industrial Revolution. Bibliography 1. Frederick Winslow Taylor, Mary Ellen Papesh, www.stfrancis.edu/content/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/bbios/biograph/fwtaylor.htm 2. Britannica, Frederick W Taylor, www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/584820/Fredrick-W-Taylor. 3. Herzberg Taylor’s Theories of Motivation, Lisa Magloff, Demand Media, www.smallbusiness.chrono.com/herzberg-taylors-theories-motivation-704.html 4. Frederick W Taylor: Master of Scientific Management, www.skymart.com/resources/leaders/taylor/asp 5. Business Studies second edition, Peter Stimpson and Alastair Farquharson, Cambridge University Press 2010

The Spanish Inquistition Essay -- essays research papers fc

Ferdinand and Isabella used the Inquisition to eliminate opposition in Spain. Their thoughts were that by eliminating the Jews, Muslims, and New Christians in Spain they would gain unity, wealth, and power. They wanted to make a Christian and only a Christian Spain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since Ferdinand and Isabella were married they strived to make Spain a whole. With Ferdinand ruling Aragon and Isabella ruling Castile they united Spain as one. Soon Ferdinand and Isabella had the regions of Granada and Portugal as part of Spain. But Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to increase their authority over their kingdom through religion as well. Ferdinand new that the church controlled large amounts of land and also served significant roles in the political system, he took these very important things into major consideration. Isabella on the other hand, â€Å"†¦had a genuine concern for religious reform and believed in their responsibility for the spiritual life of their subjects and people.†(Ovid 3). Ferdinand and Isabella didn’t think of using the Inquisition to purify Spain until a priest named Tomas de Torquemada brought it to their attention. Torquemada was Isabella’s confessor or spiritual leader. Torquemada convinced Ferdinan d and Isabella that once the Inquisition was in place they could eliminate all non-Catholic believers. He bribed them with the thought that they,â€Å"†¦could use it to solidify the supremacy of Catholicism in Spanish life†¦the inquisition would promise them con...

Business Strategy and Innovation of Cisco Systems Inc

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of the report was to discuss the business strategy of Cisco Systems Inc (Cisco), a company widely considered innovative. The report was to discuss the justification of Cisco’s status of innovative, how the business environment impacted on Cisco and it’s opportunities for innovation, their sources of competitive advantage, strategic options available to Cisco, and evaluate the risks of implementing the strategic change to achieve this optionThis was done by evaluating Cisco’s current strategies, its business environment and markets, applying strategy frameworks in the context of its industry and innovation, and by analysing the risks that could be associated with implementing this change. Cisco innovate in three ways; they build innovation using research and development budgets; they buy innovation, by making strategic acquisitions; and they partner, developing strategic partnerships and ecosystems to aid innovation. Cisco’s ex ternal environment was assessed using PESTEL analysis and applying Porter’s Five Forces framework.It was established that the main key drivers for change were technological and worldwide competition laws. VRIN Frameworks were applied to assess Cisco’s sources of competitive advantage, as well as some of the threats they face in these areas. It would appear that the biggest threat to Cisco in this area is Non-substitutability; Cisco’s competitors are eroding their market share by offering similar products. Two strategic options were discussed; selling their enterprise products directly to the end users and entering the consumer market.It was decided that the more radical of the two was entering the consumer market; and the risks associated with implementing the change, along with advice on how Cisco could manage the strategic change, were discussed. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 0 INTRODUCTION5 2. 0 IS CISCO INNOVATIVE? 6 3. 0 CISCO AND THEIR BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT8 3. 1 TH E MACRO ENVIRONMENT8 3. 2 KEY DRIVERS FOR CHANGE8 3. 3 APPLYING PORTER’S FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK9 3. 3. 1 The Threat of Entry10 3. 3. 2 Threat of Substitutes11 3. 3. 3 Power of Buyers11 3. 3. 4 Power of Suppliers12 3. 3. 5 Competitive Rivals12 4. 0 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE13 4. 1 Value14 4. 2 Rarity15 . 3 Inimitability15 4. 4 Non-Substitutability16 4. 5 Cisco’s Organisational Knowledge16 5. 0 STRATEGIC OPTIONS17 6. 0 IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIC CHANGE19 6. 1 Risk20 6. 2 Managing Strategic Change21 7. 0 CONCLUSION22 8. 0 REFERENCES24 9. 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY26 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Cisco Systems Inc (Cisco) was established in 1984 by a husband and wife team who wanted to solve the technical issue of emailing each other, but on different networks, and developed the first multi-protocol router, a device which allowed the different networks to ‘talk’ to each other by translating the different protocol languages (Cisco Systems Inc, 2012).This report will examine Cisco as an innovat ive company, the external factors affecting their ability to innovate, their sources of competitive advantage within the industry and consider some of Cisco’s strategic options, the risks associated with the changes in strategy and how this can be managed. The information has been compiled from information published by Cisco on their website, Exploring Strategy, Ninth Edition (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011), Academic Journals and published articles. 2. 0 IS CISCO INNOVATIVE?To establish if Cisco is innovative, first we have to define what innovation is. Innovation can be defined as, â€Å"†¦the conversion of a new knowledge into a new product, process or service and the putting of this new product, process or service into actual use. † (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, pg 296). Therefore until the product, process or service is brought to the market; it cannot be considered an innovation. In regards to innovation, Cisco has an extensive innovation strategy. They do this using their â€Å"three pillars of innovation: build, buy and partner† (Cisco, 2012.Acquisitions, pg 1. ), The ‘Build’ aspect relates to internal innovation, whereby they develop products and services with Research and Development (R&D). They have 7 major laboratories in locations around the world, and employ around 20,000 engineers (Cisco, 2012). The diversity of basing these facilities all over the world will only help to aid innovation, as the people can use their own cultures and experiences to develop new product and services, thereby helping to develop worldwide solutions to global industry problems. Yearly Cisco invests over $5 Billion on R&D (Cisco, 2012).With regards to their ‘Buy’ aspect of their innovation strategy, Cisco is constantly looking to acquire technologies to improve their current product range. Cisco has acquired over 160 companies up to the end of 2012, and will continue to actively seek out acquisition opportunities to increase their product range (Cisco, 2012). It may be argued that innovation by acquisition is not innovation; however the innovation comes with the integration of these technologies into their existing product ranges and taking new products to market.Cisco also purchase technologies that have yet to be brought to the market, so are more inventions than innovations, and take calculated risks in doing so. Cisco’s approach to innovation is an open one, and they have many strategic partnerships. Cisco is aware that to maximise the potential of their products, they must rely on the products of other vendors. Cisco have created an Ecosystem, to help develop their Cisco Unified Computing System (UCS), a system that Cisco see as the future of the IT network; the collaboration of the network, all managed simultaneously on one platform (Cisco, 2012).By opening up their innovation to these ecosystem partners, it will engage the partners on a positive way and ensure tha t the partner’s complimentary products and services will be fully compatible with the UCS. The ecosystem approach will help speed up innovation, as more people working together to create innovative products or services are more likely to get superior products to market faster (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). Cisco has, since inception, been a first-mover in its markets. Cisco’s vision, â€Å"Changing the way we work, live, play and learn† (Cisco, 2012.Corporate Overview Pg 11), shows that they want to lead the market in developing networking technologies. This gives them considerable advantages, allowing them to become market leaders in these areas, and charge a premium for these products. 3. 0 CISCO AND THEIR BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT When we discuss the business environment, we are in fact looking at the environment where the business operates. In this section the external environment will be analysed using PESTEL framework, focusing on some of the key dri vers for change, use Porters Five Forces to analyse the Industry and will look at the opportunities and threats Cisco face. 3. THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT The Macro Environment of a business is concerned with the external factors which affect almost all organisations (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). Appendix A shows a PESTEL analysis for Cisco, outlining some of the issues which they face. For the purpose of the report, however, only the important key drivers for change will be discussed. 3. 2 KEY DRIVERS FOR CHANGE Looking at the PESTEL Analysis, there are some that are more relevant to the industry Cisco operate – Technological. Virtualisation technology became one of the most important key drivers for change in the IT industry of recent times.This meant companies like Cisco had to begin to develop systems that would take advantage of this. This has led to huge developments in ‘Cloud’ technologies, where the resources are provided, at a service fee, over the internet. They provide several variations of the ‘x-as-a-service’ model. This is beneficial to cash-conscious companies, who are looking to reduce the expensive CAPEX costs IT infrastructure incurs, passing this responsibility onto the service provider. The rate at which this technology has been released and adopted has fuelled Cisco’s innovation, as they have to innovate to continue to remain competitive.Another key driver for change is the Competition Laws Cisco are faced with, namely the US Antitrust policy, whereby all acquisitions have to be approved by the Department of Justice and the Federal Change Commission, who look at how acquisitions will affect the competition balance. They do not, however look at the innovative developments these acquisitions will create, nor if the benefit of such innovation outweighs the competition problems (Mandel and Carew, 2011). Appendix B shows some of the scenario outcomes of the effects of acquisition laws on the develop ment of technologies in the Cloud market.Scenario building can be useful, however you cannot have just one universal scenario for the company as a whole, there can be an endless chain of scenarios created for every situation that can be thought up. That is why, when looking at scenarios, it is important to identify the key drivers for change. 3. 3 APPLYING PORTER’S FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK Porter’s Five Forces Framework can help Cisco establish if an industry is an attractive option, identifying five areas in competitive forces; the threat of entry, the threat of substitutes, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers and competitive rivalry (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011).For the purpose of the report, we will focus this next section on Cisco’s Switching market. 3. 3. 1 The Threat of Entry Cisco must be aware of potential competitors into their markets, and creating sufficient barriers to entry can help. These barriers need to be overcome by new entrants to the market if they wish to compete (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). Cisco, as first-movers, has created several barriers to entry; Cisco has greater experience over its rivals and uses its first-mover advantages to secure market share before anyone else tries to compete.Cisco do not manufacture the components of their products, they rely on over 600 companies for this (Cisco, 2012). They could try to secure exclusivity with these suppliers, thereby reducing the new entrant’s ability to buy the same components, making it harder for them to replicate Cisco’s products. In response to competition threats, Cisco could, in theory, enter into price wars with new entrants to the market, they could increase their marketing spend, and out-market the new entrants, as they have the financial means to do so.Overall, the threat of new entrants means Cisco have to remain innovative, to product new products, protected by patents, and creating new industry standards, to ma intain their share of the market. 3. 3. 2 Threat of Substitutes With the emergence of cloud technologies, Cisco was in danger of falling behind and their products substituted with Cloud technologies. However Cisco has developed products to compete in this area, for example their Switching-as-a-Service, giving their customers the option to have their network switching hosted in the cloud.To avoid being substituted, Cisco had to adapt to the emergence of Cloud technologies to remain relevant. Emerging technologies such as this ensure Cisco retains their innovative edge. 3. 3. 3 Power of Buyers Cisco only sells their enterprise products through a network of distributers. This increases the distributers buying power as Cisco are reliant on them. However due to the complexity of the products, there doesn’t appear to be a threat from the buyers in terms of competition, as they are unlikely to find backward vertical integration attractive.Cisco have to remain innovative to maintain the relationships with their buyers, if Cisco are seen to fall behind technology’s advance, then they will become obsolete to the buyers, and they will look to buy other products that are innovative. 3. 3. 4 Power of Suppliers As previously discussed, Cisco relies on over 600 suppliers to provide the components of their products. This gives the suppliers power, as delays in Cisco receiving their products will disrupt their supply chain. 3. 3. 5 Competitive Rivals In the switching market, Cisco currently hold around 69% of the market share Cisco, 2012), and while this is a comfortable position to be in, Cisco must not become complacent. HP is growing in market share year-on-year (Gabra, 2012), offering Cisco real competition in affordable managed switching products. HP also has a strong brand and a large presence in both the business and consumer markets. This makes HP an attractive alternative to the end user, which is a threat to Cisco’s core switching business. Cisco has to continue to develop their products, make them better than the rivals, to ensure they can maintain the market share.Customers need to see that they are getting value for money, so Cisco must do this with that in mind, they have to make the products affordable AND innovative. Cisco is strong in many areas discussed, they are innovative in nature, it is part of their history that they began and continue to innovate. As innovation is part of Cisco’s DNA, this is unlikely to change. They are developing some of the traditionally physical technologies (switching for example) for the cloud market, creating cloud platforms which they can still provide their core products from.Cisco has patent protection on their products, which puts them in a strong position to their competitors. To keep this patent protection relevant they need to continue to invent new designs to bring to market. They do have some weakness; the entry of HP to their core switching market is worth noting. Cisc o have still got a good market share, however HP are slowly eroding this, with gains in market share each year. Cisco will have to tackle this to ensure this erosion does not progress too far. To do this they must continue to produce superior products to HPs, and thereby drives their innovation. 4. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE As previously discussed, Cisco currently have over 69% of the market share in their switching market. How does Cisco maintain their competitive advantage? The resource-based view is that, â€Å"†¦competitive advantage and superior performance of an organisation is explained by the distinctiveness of its capabilities. † (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011 pg 83) This is to say that it is the capabilities of the companies which give it the competitive advantage; the development of new innovative technologies alone will not give a company this competitive advantage (Eng & Luff 2011).Looking at some of Cisco’s resources and competences (Appendix C) we can see that these are wide-ranging, from the obvious of buildings, Computer Equipment and Employees, to the less obvious; strong balance sheet, worldwide R&D and Ecosystems. From here we can establish which of these are threshold resources and capabilities, those which are required to compete in a market (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011) and the distinctive resources and capabilities, those required to give a company it’s competitive advantage (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011).These have been illustrated in Appendix D. For the purpose of this report we will focus on the distinctive resources and capabilities, as those are the ones which will secure Cisco’s Competitive Advantage, and apply VRIN Framework to assess Cisco’s basis of these advantages; Value, Rarity, Inimitability and Non-substitutability. 4. 1 Value â€Å"Strategic capabilities are of value when they provide potential competitive advantage in a market at a cost that allows an org anisation to realise acceptable levels of return†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011 pg 90).Cisco does this by taking advantage of opportunities and limits the threats that they are presented with (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). Acquisitions allow them to adopt new technology that their rivals cannot. If, for example, they were only to licence technology from these companies, their competitors could also. By buying these companies this allows them exclusive access to the technologies. Cisco’s R&D spending and the acquisition of technologies allow Cisco to produce products, which they protect with patents, that their competitors do not have, putting them ahead of the competition.Cisco spends billions of dollars each year on R&D, however still produce good profits which is acceptable to their shareholders. This shows that the shareholders understand that to achieve and maintain the market share, then spending on this level is acceptable. 4. 2 Rarity â€Å"Rare capabilities†¦are those possessed uniquely by one organisation or by a few others. † (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). Cisco currently has over 8000 patents protecting their products, and files around 700 more per year.This gives them long lasting protection from competitors. Cisco employ over 20,000 engineers (Cisco, 2012) and the skills and knowledge of these people is a valuable commodity. Cisco must ensure they try to maintain a high level of staff retention to avoid engineers going to work for competitors. Cisco has a strong brand in the business market, with around 69% of the market share in the switching market alone (Cisco, 2012).Cisco have to ensure that they keep creating new rare capabilities to maintain this competitive advantage and adequately protecting innovations, for example, in the USA design patens last 14 years (United States Patent and Trademark Office, 2003) and 20 years in the UK (Intellectual Property Office, 2011). 4. 3 Inimita bility â€Å"Inimitable capabilities – those that competitors find difficult to imitate or obtain† (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011 pg 91). Cisco work with their customers to ensure that their needs are met, in turn this leads to co-specialisation (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011).If Cisco is successful with this, then the customer is more likely to come back to them with future problems for Cisco to solve, and are unlikely to move to a competitor. Cisco’s innovative culture was imbedded into the company right from inception. Cisco has a competitive advantage here as innovation is something they just ‘do’ and have always done. Breeding this into an established company may prove difficult due to a lack of experience, resources and change resistance.Cisco also adapt well to changes in market conditions, and as technology moves forward, so do Cisco; by producing products and services to meet emerging technology. 4. 4 Non-Substitutability Cisco is at risk of substitution by competitors. Patent protection lessens the risk as by the time the patents expire; technology will have advanced so much that the patented technology is already old. This also does not stop companies from copying ideas; you only need to look at the press coverage of Smartphone producers taking each other to court, accusing the other of patent infringement.Cisco has to ensure that the products and services they offer remain ahead of the competition, to get a foothold on the market, to avoid substitution. 4. 5 Cisco’s Organisational Knowledge â€Å"Organisational knowledge is the collective intelligence, specific to an organisation, accumulated through both formal systems and the shared experience of people in that organisation. † (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011 pg 94) The items discussed in the VRIN framework above can be consolidated into the organisational knowledge of Cisco, and this too creates competitive advantage.The ex plicit knowledge gained by using codified information within the company’s structure and the tacit knowledge gained by experience and expertise combines is difficult to imitate, thereby creating a source of competitive advantage over rivals (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). 5. 0 STRATEGIC OPTIONS When assessing Cisco for potential strategic options, the following had to be considered; what markets do Cisco currently operate in, what products and services do they provide and is there any scope within the value chain for vertical integration?Two of the options which came to light were selling their enterprise products directly to the end user and entering the consumer market. Using the â€Å"Ansoff product/market growth matrix† (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011 pg 232) selling products to the end user would be market penetration, which would involve Cisco increasing their market share with their current product range through vertical integration of the Sale s and Marketing part of the value chain.The reasons behind Cisco taking this approach would be the potential of increased profit margins. By selling through distribution channels and partners, Cisco will come up against bias towards their competitors. As end users often rely on their IT reseller for advice on what they require, if the IT reseller has a preference for a competitor, then Cisco will lose the opportunity, regardless if their product is superior. They will increase their contact with their end users, and this will increase customer visibility and co-specialisation.Marketing direct to the end user will provide a greater visibility of the Cisco brand and could help build their brand awareness. This would also give them an advantage over competitors who do not sell online, and allow them more direct competition with those that do. They would still be able to work with their partners, as the partners would be the ones implementing the equipment, and will maintain their curre nt partner program revenue.There are a few issues that Cisco needs to be aware of if they implement this option; this will be costly. They will have to increase their sales and marketing presence, and they will also have to increase their distribution facilities, as well as create a direct sales channel, especially an online sales platform. They also run the risk of alienating their partners, as they will be in direct competition with them, which could result in partners looking to other options.This however could be combated by working with the partners, using partner deal registration procedures, to ensure that Cisco and their partners do not end up going after the same deals. They could also provide a referral system for new customers to the partners, if they buy direct from Cisco, then Cisco will refer them to a partner to handle the installation and management of the system. It may be that for this to work Cisco would have to withdraw their business from the distributers, essen tially cutting out some of the middle men.With regards to entering the consumer market, Cisco could go into the market selling new products and services (conglomerate diversification) however in this their current portfolio could be included, as they would be new products into the market (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). Consumers are looking for ways to combine their work and home technologies, making accessing all of the information they require easier. Therefore entering the consumer market with a mix of both current and new products may be prudent.This would allow them to build a market share on the products they know well. With new products, Cisco’s innovation policy of â€Å"Build, buy and partner† could apply here; they could build new products, for example set-top TV boxes and smart TVs which include their collaboration products (Cisco Jabber and TelePresence); buy innovation, for example if they were to buy a telecoms provider such as TalkTalk, they co uld introduce IP Telephony at home as a standard offering; or they could partner with the producers of these products to integrate Cisco technologies into these products.This would allow Cisco to generate Economies of Scope, as they would be able to use their existing resources in the new market. This may also produce a synergistic effect (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011) as the increased brand awareness in the consumer market may bring more sales into the business market and vice-versa. 6. 0 IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIC CHANGE In the previous section two possible strategic options were considered; selling their enterprise products direct to the end user and entering the onsumer market. Here the focus will be on the more radical option of entering the consumer market and will look at the risks associated with implementing this change and how this change can be managed. When evaluating strategies, it is important to look at three key areas; Suitability, Acceptability and Feasibility , otherwise known as SAFe. For the purpose of the report we will focus on risk, a key point in assessing the Acceptability of the strategy (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). . 1 Risk â€Å"Risk concerns the extent to which the outcomes of a strategy can be predicted† (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011 pg 371). This can be assessed using different financial and statistical tools to establish the effects of the strategy on the Cisco’s risk level. Sensitivity testing can be used to challenge the different assumptions about a strategy and what the effects the ‘what if’ scenarios will produce (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011).If Cisco enters the consumer market with assumptions of how much revenue this will generate, and there is an economic downturn, resulting in reduced revenue, what will the effects if this reduced revenue be? Financial Ratios would allow Cisco to look at the financial impact of the strategic option (Johnson, Whittington a nd Scholes, 2011). For example, entering into the consumer market would be of high financial risk due to sunk costs in setting up the new business stream and increased R&D costs, which would have a negative impact on the financial position of Cisco.Break even analysis is another financial tool that can be used to assess risk. This analysis shows the point where revenue will match fixed and variable costs, allowing Cisco to know the level of revenue required to break even (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011) and assess if it is even viable. 6. 2 Managing Strategic Change Due to the rate that the technology markets change, Cisco should adopt a revolutionary change strategy (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011) to ensure they take advantage of the opportunities available to them.They must ensure that there is a clear and concise strategic direction communicated throughout the company and to its stakeholders. To do this Cisco may be required to make changes to management, taking in new people to reinforce the changes (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011), preferably people with a proven track record in the consumer market. Management must also be ready to provide a business case for change (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011) to outline why the proposed strategy is a good one, and may include some of the risk assessments mentioned above.Some of the decisions made to facilitate the change may seem extreme; changes in management, portfolio changes, increased focus on the consumer market and increased R&D spend, however these can be seen as both symbolic and rational levers for change (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). In managing resistance to change, Cisco should adopt a situational leadership style, where they can use different styles in change leadership to adapt to different situations (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011).This will allow Cisco the flexibility to use different methods to increase stakeholder ‘buy-in’ to the s trategy. Some stakeholders may resist the changes as they may feel they are unnecessary or the timing is wrong, and it is essential that this is controlled to avoid stakeholders just ‘doing what they are told’. Compliance, as opposed to co-operation (or ‘buy-in’) can be detrimental to the success of the strategy, as underneath the surface nothing will have changed. Using this methods to achieve co-operation from stakeholders will keep the strategy focused (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011).However managers must also be sensitive to the strategy resistance, if there is a large amount of resistance they must assess to see if the resistance is warranted. Managers should be, wherever possible, honest in regards to the progress of the strategy (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011), from their business case for change, the progress of the change, through to the results achieved by the change. Failure to be honest in this will result in the stakeholders l osing faith in the strategy. 7. 0 CONCLUSIONCisco’s innovation is based around their ‘three pillars of innovation’; ‘Build’, where they spend around $5 Billion per year on R&D; ‘Buy’, they have acquired over 160 companies over the years and actively seek out new acquisition possibilities each year; and ‘Partner’, Cisco has developed strategic partnerships and ecosystems to aid innovation. The innovation culture has been part of Cisco’s strategy since the company was formed in 1984. The business environment Cisco operates in was discussed using PESTEL analysis and applying Porter’s Five Forces Framework.With the PESTEL analysis it was established that most of their Key Drivers for Change came from the Technological area of PESTEL. It was also decided that the legal aspects relating to competition law was also a Key Driver for Change, as it impacts their Acquisition policies. Scenario building was deemed importan t, however Cisco must be aware that not one scenario was sufficient, they must develop scenarios for all of their Key Drivers for Change. Porter’s Five Forces was discussed to show some of the factors which determine if the industry is attractive, and the threats Cisco face within the industry.It was determined that innovation alone does not bring competitive advantages. Cisco’s distinct resources and capabilities were assessed against the VRIN framework to identify the sources of their competitive advantage. The VRIN framework can also be consolidated to form Cisco’s organisational knowledge, which was also identified as another competitive advantage. Two strategic options for Cisco were discussed, selling of their enterprise products direct to the end user, and entering the consumer market. It was decided that the more radical of the two was the entry into the consumer market.The risks associated with implementing this strategy were discussed as was managing t he change. It was concluded that Cisco should adopt a revolutionary change strategy to facilitate the strategy implementation. 8. 0 REFERENCES CISCO SYSTEMS INC, (2012). 2012 Annual Report. [online]. San Jose: Cisco Systems Inc. Available from: http://www. cisco. com/assets/cdc_content_elements/docs/annualreports/ar2012. pdf [Accessed 19 November 2012] CISCO SYSTEMS INC, (2012). Corporate Overview. [online]. San Jose: Cisco Systems Inc. Available from: http://newsroom. cisco. om/documents/10157/0/Corporate+Overview+-+Q2FY12. pdf [Accessed 19 November 2012] CISCO SYSTEMS INC, (2012). Cisco Overview. [online]. San Jose: Cisco Systems Inc. Available from: http://newsroom. cisco. com/overview [Accessed 19 November 2012] CISCO SYSTEMS INC, (2012). Acquisitions. [online]. San Jose: Cisco Systems Inc. Available from: http://www. cisco. com/web/about/doing_business/corporate_development/acquisitions/about_cisco_acquisitions. html [Accessed 21 November 2012] CISCO SYSTEMS INC, (2012). Ecosys tem Partners. [online]. San Jose: Cisco Systems Inc.Available from: http://www. cisco. com/web/strategy/energy/ecosystem_partners. html [Accessed 29 November 2012] ENG, T-Y. and LUFF, P. , (2011). Competing and developing competitive advantage in the digital world. [online]. London: Routledge. Available from: [Accessed 19 November 2012] GABRA, M. , (2012). Ethernet Switching Market Share: Did HP eat up that much share from Cisco? [online]. Palo Alto: Hewlett-Packard Company. Available from: http://h30507. www3. hp. com/t5/HP-Networking/Ethernet-Switching-Market-Share-Did-HP-eat-up-that-much-share/ba-p/120753 [Accessed 25 December 2012]IPO, (2011). Renewing your patent. [online]. Newport: Intellectual Property Office. Available from: http://www. ipo. gov. uk/types/patent/p-manage/p-renew. htm [Accessed 28 December 2012] JOHNSON, G. , WHITTINGTON, R. and SCHOLES, K. , (2011). Exploring Strategy, Ninth Edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. MANDEL, M. and CAREW, D. G. , 2011. Innov ation by Acquisition: New Dynamics of High-Tech Competition. [online]. Washington: Progressive Policy Institute. Available from: http://capitalis. com/admin/white_papers/file43. pdf [Accessed 3 December 2012] USPTO, 2003.How long does patent protection last? [online]. Alexandria: United States Patent and Trademark Office. Available from: http://www. uspto. gov/main/faq/p120013. htm [Accessed 28 December 2012] 9. 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY CISCO SYSTEMS INC, 2012. 2012 Corporate Social Responsibility Report. [online]. San Jose: Cisco Systems Inc. Available from: http://csr. cisco. com/cdnorigin/media/documents/CSR-Report-2012-Full-Report_129973894373990000. pdf [Accessed 19 November 2012] D’AVENI, R. , 2007. Mapping YOUR competitive position. [online]. Available from: [Accessed 5 November 2012] EVANS, D. , 2012.How the Internet of Everything Will Change the World†¦for the Better. [online]. San Jose: Cisco Systems Inc. Available from: http://blogs. cisco. com/news/how-the-internet-of- everything-will-change-the-worldfor-the-better-infographic/#more-90780 [Accessed 3 December 2012] HAMEL, G. and PRAHALAD, C. K. , 1989. Strategic Intent. [online]. HILL, T. and WESTBROOK, R. , 1997. SWOT Analysis: It’s Time for a Product Recall. [online]. PORTER, M. E. , 2001. From competitive advantage to corporate strategy. [online]. TEECE, D. J. , 2009. Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation. [online].

Corporate Social Responsibility Csr - 1232 Words

Corporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environment. This is achieved through business practices such as giving to charities, whether time or money, through corporate governance, or in environmental initiatives. When looking at CSR, the difference of the meaning and what is most important†¦show more content†¦Good reviews, mean more buyers, making CSR a big part of increasing the bottom line, which is inline with the corporation s responsibilities. When comparing companies against each other for which has a higher stance in CSR, it can be different for each person. This is because CSR is made up by main factors including workplace, governance, and citizenship. These are measures, which are measured by individuals feelings. So comparing two companies can be harder than just black and white numbers. The CSR work must evoke a feeling within the consumers that drives them to the corporation. When comparing European companies to American companies the cultural norms are different as well as the legislation around the issue differs. There is not a clear-cut line between the U.S and European countries on what is required of each company and what they are made to report. Each have their own ruling when it comes to CSR reporting. The European Union has a legal ramification for the firms that do not follow their CSR requirements. France was the first country to require companies to report a CSR report. (Tschopp,D) It was issued so that governments can â€Å"promote transparency, create market incentives for responsible business conduct, and ensure corporate accountability† Having a regulation based upon CSR allowsShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1566 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firm’s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholder’s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. 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